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Women in Education

Emily Davies Emily Davies
For a while Emily Davies considered the possibility of studying medicine herself, but eventually she decided that her poor early education made this impossible. Emily Davies now made the decision that she would dedicate the rest of her life helping other
Mary Lyon
Mary Lyon was an authority on the education of women. Over the years Mary Lyon developed her educational philosophy and gained experience in managing a school. Inspired by her own struggles to obtain an education, she worked hard to expand academic opport
Fanny Jackson Coppin
Fanny Jackson Coppin (1837-1913) was born into slavery who later established an evening school for freed slaves, and was the second African American woman to graduate from the college.
Clara Barton
Clara Barton (1821-1912) began her career as an educator, founding one of New Jersey's first
Mary Church Terrell
Mary Church Terrell (1863-1954) was educated in Ohio and, later, in Europe. She graduated from Oberlin College in 1884 (later completing a master's degree), and taught at a college in Ohio and at a high school in Washington, DC. She later was elected to a three-termed presidnecy of the National Association of Colored Women to fight for equal rights for women, especially African Americans, and to promote women's suffrage.
People & Events Nannie Helen Burroughs
Nannie Helen Burroughs (1879-1961) attended public schools in Washington,
Anna J. Cooper
An African-American teacher and principal who helped to establish the NAACP.
Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps
1793-1884), American educator and writer who published a textbook, Familiar Lectures on Botany,
Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps
American educator and writer who strove to raise the academic standards of education for girls.
Martha McChesney Berry
Martha McChesney Berry had access to wealth and social prestige, but she devoted her life completely to providing educational opportunity in the midst of the poverty of the North Georgia mountains. She had the highest and rosiest ideals, but no one was ever more practical. She devised an educational program in which mountain children could pay their own way through work - work that included building the college that bears her name.
Dorothea Beale
Dorothea Beale became head teacher at Casterton School. Attempts to make changes to the way the school was organized ended in failure and she left within a year of being appointed. She became head teacher of Cheltenham Ladies College. At the time the school had only a moderate reputation but under Beale's leadership it became one of the most highly regarded schools in the country. The traditional education of girls had emphasized the development of accomplishments such as music and drawing. Dorothea Beale, however, was determined to provide a much more academic education.
Women of Achievement
Elizabeth Harrison was an American educator who founded the influential Chicago Kindergarten College in Chicago. She also helped in founding the forerunner of the National Congress of Parents and Teachers. Elizabeth Harrison was a pioneer in the kindergarten movement and insisted on high educational requirements for teachers.
Woman's Stories
Elizabeth Palmer Peabody was the woman who founded the first kindergarten in the United States. Elizabeth was a lifelong scholar and teacher who, in addition to making significant contributions to education.
Elizabeth Palmer Peabody
Elizabeth Palmer Peabody was one of nineteenth-century America's most important Transcendental writers and educational reformers. She saw the classroom as mediating between the needs of the individual and the claims of society. She taught in her own private schools and was an assistant in Bronson Alcott's famous Temple School.
Lucy Craft Laney
Lucy Craft Laney opened a school in 1883 in the basement of a Presbyterian church -- with only five students and virtually no support. Yet, Laney persevered, and by the end of the second year enrollment had grown to 234. Today, Lucy C. Laney High School stands on the site of her old school in recognition of her life-long devotion to children and their education.
Lucy Craft Laney
Lucy Craft Laney taught African-American children in Milledgeville, Savannah, and Augusta. Settling in Augusta, she promoted several causes for blacks: their first kindergarten in the city, first nurses' training institute for girls, the state's first football team from a black high school, and school programs and curricula emphasizing arts and sciences, job training, and community service.
Ella Flagg Young
Ella Flagg Young worked as a classroom teacher in a Chicago ghetto school, and later as the head of practice-teaching classrooms, as a high school math teacher, and as a principal in the largest Chicago school. At the age of 42, she became assistant superintendent, a newly created position in a rapidly expanding school system. Young encouraged teachers to have a voice in the curriculum, and from the meetings held to that effect emerged the Chicago Teachers' Federation (CTF).
Prudence Crandall
Prudence Crandall, educator, emancipator, and human rights advocate, established a school which in 1833, became the first Black female academy in New England at Canterbury, Connecticut. Crandall's courage and determination serve as examples to all who face seemingly insurmountable odds and to those who refuse to be limited by social conventions. To this day, her efforts to promote equality in education remains unequaled.
Prudence Crandall
Teacher and abolitionist known for her unsuccessful effort to run the nation's first private secondary school for "Young Ladies of Color." Crandall, however, was determined to do what she could "to benefit the people of color" and began to recruit pupils among middle-class Negro families throughout the Northeast for the first boarding and teacher training school for black young women.
Charlotte Hawkins Brown
Charlotte Hawkins Brown graduated from the State Normal School in Salem in 1901, and returned immediately to North Carolina, determined to start a "farm-life" school. Near Sedalia she found an unoccupied shack. With the cooperation of residents and area churches, she opened a school and completed a year of teaching. She returned to Massachusetts in the summer, organized a Sedalia Club to support the work of the school, and interested two families who underwrote the work for one year and donated a large tract of land for future growth and development.
Susan Blow
Blow opened the first public kindergarten in America at the Des Peres School in St. Louis in September 1873. The next year she established a training school for kindergarten teachers, and within a few years, St. Louis had become the focal point of the U.S. kindergarten movement.
Annie Webb Blanton
Annie Webb Blanton she taught in both elementary and secondary schools. Her victory in the general election in November made her the first woman in Texas elected to statewide office. During her tenure as state superintendent a system of free textbooks was established, teacher certification laws were revised, teachers' salaries were raised, and efforts were made to improve rural education.
Zilpah P. Grant Banister
Zilpah Banister taught at various schools around Norfolk until she began organizing the Adams Female Academy in Londonderry, New Hampshire, which opened in 1824. Here she worked as principal with Mary Lyon as her assistant. In 1828 she received an invitation to organize a school in Ipswich, Massachusetts. She remained at Ipswich Female Seminary until her retirement in 1839. She continued to be active to promote women's education, and published a pamphlet entitled Hints on Education in 1856. Zilpah P. Grant Banister died on December 3, 1874 in Newburyport.
Catherine Beecher
Catherine Beecher's major part in the Beecher family was her ongoing efforts to increase the social and domestic level of the woman in America's male-dominated culture. Her major accomplishments were establishing two schools for girls, helping others found new schools, and writing books on women's rights. She was active in education until her death in 1878.
Mary Bethune
Mary Bethune was an American educator who was active in national black affairs and a special adviser to President Franklin D. Roosevelt on the problems of minority groups. Bethune's parents had been slaves before the American Civil War. She graduated from the Scotia Seminary (later Barber-Scotia College) at Concord, N.C., in 1893 and graduated from the Moody Bible Institute in Chicago in 1895. After teaching in Southern schools, in 1904 she opened an institute for girls at Daytona Beach, Fla., which was merged in 1923 with the Cookman Institute for Men, Jacksonville, Fla., to form Bethune-Cookman College at Daytona Beach.
Mary Bethune
Mary McLeod Bethune recognizing the need for a well-rounded education for Blacks, Mary Bethune was instrumental in founding the Daytona Literary and Industrial School For Training Negro Girls, which later became Bethune-Cookman College.
Maria Montessori
Maria Montessori is as controversial a figure in education today as she was a half century ago. Alternately heralded as the century's leading advocate for early childhood education, or dismissed as outdated and irrelevant, her research and the studies that she inspired helped change the course of education.
Maria Montessori
Not only was Maria Motessori the first woman in Italy to attend
Mary McLeod Bethune
As a child, Mary Mcleod Bethune walked ten miles a day to attend school. This experience certainly shaped her life as a pioneering educator for African-Americans.
Susan B. Anthony
Susan was a precocious child and she learned to read and write at the age of three. In 1826, the Anthonys moved from Massachusetts to Battensville,N.Y. where Susan attended a district school. When the teacher refused to teach Susan long division, Susan was taken out of school and taught in a "home school" set up by her father. She was independent and educated and held a position that had traditionally been reserved to young men. Ultimately, Susan was sent to boarding school near Philadelphia. Susan taught at a female academy, Eunice Kenyon's Quaker boarding school, in upstate New York from 1846-49. After, she settled in her family home in Rochester, New York. It was here that she began her first public crusade on behalf of temperance.
Alicia Patterson
Alicia Patterson was born on October 15, 1906 in Chicago, Illinois, to a newspaper family whose roots could be traced to her great-great grandfather, the founder of an Ohio weekly in 1819. Under Patterson's hand Newsday became the largest suburban newspaper in the country and the twelfth largest evening newspaper in the United States. When Patterson died at age 57 her husband took control of the paper. In her will, Patterson provided a million dollar endowment, the Alicia Patterson Fund, for the encouragement of young journalists.
Shirley Chisholm
She attended Brooklyn College and Columbia University. From 1946 to 1956 she worked at a child care center, then opened her own nursery school. In addition, she directed the Hamilton-Madison Child Care Center in New York and advised the city on day care. Chisholm received many awards for her early work in childhood education.
Selena Sloan Butler
Selena Sloan Butler started a kindergarten in her home, setting an example for others to follow. Selena began seeking ways for parents to become involved in their children's education. She had the knack of enlisting people and their support. In time she organized the first black parent-teacher association in the United States at Yonge Street School; it is now named the Henry Rutherford Butler School, and the adjacent part is named for Selena. Next, she turned her organizational skill to the state level and established a statewide black PTA. A National Congress of Colored Parents and Teachers appeared a few years later. Largely because of Selena, that organization maintained close contact with the white parent-Teacher Association and shaped its policies and programs in coordination with theirs. The national organizations did not become one until after Selena's death in 1964, but when they did, Selena Sloan Butler was named one of the national founders of PTA.
Maria Montessori
Maria Motessori the first woman in Italy to attend the University of Rome and the first to receive a medical degree (1896), she is also one of the most important modern educationalists Her "Montessori Method" stressed development of a child's initiative by allowing more freedom of action. The teacher acts as a guide rather than a director. She traveled and lectured widely, gaining international recognition and reknown. Montessori principles still form the backbone of many American pre-schools, and Montessori Schools are still a popular school option.
Constance Maynard: Biography and Sources
Charlotte Maynard was one of the first students at the College in Hitchin founded by Barbara Bodichon and Emily Davies, which was later to become Girton College. Maynard found her student life to be a liberating experience. However, she had had a very religious upbringing, and in some ways found it a struggle to deal with an environment where agnosticism and biblical criticism were freely expressed. As a result, when she became involved in the founding of Westfield College, she wanted the activities of the institution to emphasize religion as well as education. Maynard was the first principal of the College, and in her work there upheld her belief that education is a religious act.
Margery Fry: Biography and Sources
Margery Fry was educated at Miss Lawrence's School (later to become Roedean) in Brighton, and then went up to Somerville College, Oxford.�Having graduated from Somerville she became Librarian in the College Library in 1898.�In 1904 she took the post of Warden at University House, a house of residence for women studying at Birmingham University. Fry also taught math at the University. In 1919 she was appointed principal of Somerville College, a post which she held until 1931.
Anne Jemima Clough: Biography and Sources
Anne Jemima Clough was educated at home by her mother. Jemima felt this lack of formal education throughout her life, and adopted a course of private study in her later to years in an attempt to rectify this perceived lack.�In spite of this, when the family returned to England, Jemima devoted herself to teaching, and when her father's business failed, set up a school in order to help pay of the family's debts. Encouraged by her brother, the poet Arthur Hugh Clough, in 1849, Jemima traveled to London in order to obtain more professional training in teaching.�In 1852 she moved to Ambleside in Cumbria where she established a school, at first taking in the children of acquaintances, and later of farmers and local tradespeople.
Elizabeth Blackwell: Biography and Sources
Elizabeth Blackwell�s father died in 1838, leaving his family with few resources.�Elizabeth, her mother and sisters opened a school in their house in order to make a living.�She taught in the school until it closed in 1842, when her younger brothers were old enough to provide for the family. Elizabeth continued to take teaching jobs, but was aware that it was not the way she wished to spend her life.
Sophia Jex Blake: Biography and Sources
In 1858 Sophia Jex Blake began attending classes at Queen's College. Her achievements were such that she was asked to become a tutor of mathematics at the college. On leaving Queen's College Jex Blake traveled in Germany and the United States. Her experiences led her to write "A Visit to Some American Schools and Colleges." She was particularly impressed by schools in America where she had seen co-education in practice. Later in her life Jex-Blake devoted her energies, together with Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, to setting up a Medical School for Women.
Elizabeth Hughes: Biography and Sources
Elizabeth Hugues attended a private school called Hope House, in Taunton, where she came to the attention of Dorthy Beale. Beale appointed her to teach at Cheltenham Ladies College, where she remained from 1877 to 1881. While she was there she also worked to get the necessary qualifications to go up to Newnham College, where she attained a first in Moral Sciences in 1884 and a second in History in 1885. When she left Newnham, she was appointed as the first principal of the Cambridge Training College, which had been set up to train women graduates for careers as teachers. In 1949, when the College became a recognized institution of the University of Cambridge, it was named Hughes Hall in her honor.
Millicent Garrett Fawcett: Biography and Sources
Through her husband's position at Cambridge University, Millicent Garrett Fawcett came into contact with reformers. She became involved in the cause to open up the University to women, throughout the establishment of women's colleges. She because an active member of the Council responsible for the management of Newnham College.
Josephine Butler: Biography and Sources
Josephine Butler campaigned for opportunities for women in education.
Dorthy Beale: Biography and Sources
In 1848 Beale was enrolled as a student at the newly opened Queen's College for Women. When she completed her studies Beale was appointed as the first woman mathematics tutor at the College. After an unsuccessful time as Head Teacher at Casterton School, she left and devoted her time to the writing of a Textbook of General History. This proved to be a very popular book with teachers and it was partly its success which led to Beale's appointment as Head Teacher of Cheltenham Ladies College. In 1892 Beale purchased Cowley House in Oxford, and used the premises to found a college for women, St. Hilda's. In 1897 the college gained recognition from the Association for Promoting the Higher Education of Women.
Louisa Innes Lumsden: Biography and Sources
Louisa Lumsden was born in Aberdeenshire the third daughter of James Forbes, and educated at private schools in London and Brussels. She was one of the first five students accepted at Girton College, in Hitchin (before the College moved to Cambridge). She became one of the first three women to take and pass the Cambridge honors examinations. After completing her studies, she became a classics tutor at Girton (1873-1875), but came into conflict with Emily Davies. She went on to become the first headmistress of St. Leonard's School in St. Andrews (1877-1882). She later became the warden of University Hall, the first hall of residence for women students at St. Andrew's University (1895-1900). She was awarded the title of Dame of the British Empire, for her services to education.
Elizabeth Garrett Anderson: Biography and Sources
Elizabeth Garrett Anderson joined with Sophia Jex-Blake to establish a London Medical School for Women, and she acted as lecturer at the School from 1875-1897.��She was appointed as its Dean in 1883, in which she continued until 1903.�
Emily Davies: Biography and Sources
Fully aware of the way in which her lack of formal education had limited her opportunities Emily Davies decided that she would concentrate her efforts in the field of education. She believed that women should be admitted to higher education and the professions on the same terms as men. She became involved in campaigning to allow women admission to existing Universities. In order to support her views Davies wrote a book "The Higher Education of Women." Her aim was to found a college for women, and with the help of Barbara Bodichon and other feminists, she worked to raise money for this purpose. The first College was opened at Hitchin in 1869, later transferred to Cambridge. The first women were admitted to the newly built Girton College in 1873.
Elizabeth Jesser Reid: Biography and Sources
Elizabeth Reid was born on Christmas day 1789 in London, into a wealthy and strongly Unitarian family. She married in 1821, but her husband died only a few months later. Reid made use of her wealth to support causes dear to her heart. She was a keen campaigner against slavery - giving hospitality to Harriet Beecher Stowe and to Sarah Redmond on their visits to Britain. According to the Dictionary of National Biography, creating a College for women had been Reid's dream from childhood. In 1849 she used her money to help found Bedford College.
Leta Stetter Hollingsworth
Although many articles have been written about Leta Hollingsworth's contributions to the field of women's psychology, she is, perhaps, best known for her work with gifted children. This was a natural offshoot from her mental testing experiences. She began doing research on the characteristics of mental deficiency and of special mental disabilities. This in turn led to interest at the other end of the intellectual spectrum. She learned from working with "mentally defective" children that many of them had normal intelligence, but were suffering from adjustment problems, especially during adolescence. With her monumental energy she was able to provide her own textbooks for her university classes at Columbia while teaching full-time and continuing her clinical practice.
Caroline Grote, 1863-1941
No woman was more important to the early development of Western Illinois University than Caroline Grote. A native of Illinois, she worked at every level of public education during her career, which spanned fifty-six years.
Georgina Trotter
Georgina Trotter, first woman on the Bloomington Board of Education in Illinois, served on Withers Library Board, was a successful businesswoman in the lumber, grain, and coal business and had served in the Civil War as a nurse. With her friend, Sarah Raymond, she was considered a "power in the education affairs of Bloomington."
Sarah Raymond
Sarah Raymond was the first woman superintendent of Bloomington schools in Illinois, and one of the few in the country. Although she rose to the top of her field in a male-dominated society, although she began the superintendent's position with a staff of 53--all women, and although women were allowed to vote in a school election while she was still in office, Miss Raymond was brought down when two men who campaigned on a platform of ridding the educational system of female administrators won seats on the board. Miss Raymond left Bloomington and moved to Boston, where she engaged in charity work and later married. Raymond School in Bloomington was named for her--the first Bloomington school named for a person.
Sophia Packard
In 1881, Sophia Packard opened a school in a church basement for African-American women and girls in Georgia. The school grew rapidly, and in 1924 the school became known as Spelman College,
Emily Blackwell
One of the first British-American women physicians. In 1856, Blackwell and two other colleagues opened a hospital for indignt women and children. It was the first hospital for women and staffed entirely by women.
Women in American History
This web site allows you to locate information about women who have made great strides in women rights as well as great contributions to our society.
Sarah Winnemucca
Winnimjucca was a translator for the US Army to help her people the Piute's. In later years she opened a school for Piute children.
Martha Carey Thomas
Thomas was one of the nation's first female college presidents. She was the president at Bryn Mawr a Quaker women's college from 1894-1922. Thomas also was very active in the women's rights movement.
Clare Boothe Luce
First american women ambassador to a major country. Luce was the ambassador to Italy from 1953-57.
Great Women
An informative web site on locating information on women who have made great contributions to our society.
Eliza Kellas
Kellas stressed science education for women.
Mary Jacobi
Raised the level of medical education for women in the 19th-century.
Helen Hosmer
Music Educator and Director at the Crane School for 36 years. Hosmer was an advocate for music to be part of the educational process. She would take The Phoenix Club, which was a woman's choral group and perform to North Country schools principals to encourage music to be taught at least once a week in the schools.
Distinguished Women of Past and Present
This informative web site allows you to locate information about women in the past and present.
Anna Julia Cooper
Cooper was an educator, scholar, writer, and activist. She was only the fourth African-American to receive a doctorate degree.
Emeline Horton Cleveland
The first american women physician to preform major surgery. She developed a way of removing ovarian tumors and also launched one of the first training programs for nurses's aides.
Septima Poisette Clark
Clark campaingned for a law allowing black teachers in the Charleston Public Schools, the law passed in 1920. Throughout her career she worked to achieve rights for those pursuing a teaching career as well as literacy and political empowerment within the black community.
Pearl Syndenstricker Buck
Taught English Literature form 1925-30 in Chinese universities. She won a Pulitizer Prize in 1932 for her book "The Good Earth", whick established Buck as an interpreter of the East to the West. In 1967 she established the Pearl S. Buck Foundation to aid illegitimate children of United States servicemen in Asian countries.
Gale Group - Free Resources
bell hooks, born Gloria Jean Watkins fights prejudice and discrimination. She ran into
Mary McLeod Bethune
One of the most influential African-American women of the 20th-century. In 1904, Bethune established a school for young African-American women in Daytona Beach, Florida.
Gale Group - Free Resources
Elizabeth Blackwell was the first women in the United States to receive a medical degree.
Catharine Esther Beecher
In 1823 she opened a girls' school known as the Hartford Female Seminary. Beecher trained over 400 women to become teachers and sent them west to open schools in newly settled regions of the country.
Gale Group - Free Resources
Anna Ma Aquash was an activist for Native Americans. Having suffered at the hands of
Women in History - Maria Mitchel Biography
Maria Mitchel was a self educated women. Even so, she accomplished great things, such
Daisy Gatson Bates
On September 25,1957 Bates won the battle of integration when she and nine black students were escorted in to Central High School located in Little Rock, Arkansads.
Jane Addams
Founder of the Hull House, a broading house for young women.
Eddith Abbott
Established the first graduate school of social work at the University of Chicago in 1920.
Teacher Hero: Laurel Schmidt
Schmidt is an elementary teacher in Santa Monica. In studying the history of the area with her students, they discovered one of the oldest buildings in Santa Monica was to be torn down. She encouraged her students to get organized and get involved. The
Laura Ingalls Wilder
Wilder was a pioneer woman and teacher who lived in the Dakota Territory in the late 1800's. Known mostly as an author, she also made enough money teaching to send her sister to a special school for the blind. She was one of the first authors to depict
Teacher Hero: Jackie Melnick
Melnick founded a summer music program for inner city children called "The Children's String Workshop". It provides instruments and lessons to children who have never before had any music instruction.
Grandmother's Wisdom Keepers
This is a youth education program dedicated to preserving the traditions and values of Native American women.
Nadia Boulanger
A French conductor and musician, she was noted for her teaching of music composition to such famous American composers as Aasron Copland and Virgil Thomson.
Knowvation-Jacqui Celsi
A former classroom teacher, Jacqui Celsi has used her past experience to start a company called "Knowvation" that provides services and products for teachers who want to integrate technolgy into their classrooms.
Oseola McCarty
Oseola McCarty, a high school dropout, decided to give children of limited means the opportunity to go to college. She donated $150,000 to the University of Southern Mississippi. She had saved this money her entire life as a person who ironed other peo
Pleasant
Pleasant combined her love of American History and her desire to produce educational products into the American Girls Collection of historical dolls.
Bahai Susan I. Moody
In 1910 Susan Moody helped to establish a formal school for girls under the auspices of the Tehran Baha�i community in Iran. This school became a highly regarded institution educating girls to become teachers and develop girl schools throughout the country. Moody, a doctor, also began to instruct the Iranian women in practical nursing and midwifery.
Introduction to Ellen Key
Ellen Key promoted a "new school" that would really prepare children for life, by adapting to the children's own world and creating a learning experience through their own activity. In this respect, she can be considered an early representative of an international Reform pedagogy movement, which between 1900-1918 would start to include very different educators such as Montessori in Italy, Dewey in the USA, Kerschensteiner and others in Germany. Although each of them emphasized different aspects, they all shared this focus on the needs of children, on socializing and learning through activity.
Mary Adelaide Hare (1865-1945)
Mary Hare devoted her life to providing a fully oral education for the deaf, to promoting this idea to teachers and colleges, and to proving to the hearing world that deaf people were capable of attaining scholastic and academic achievements.
Charlotte Perkins Gilman
Charlotte Perkins Gilman used her lectures and publications deliberately to teach present and future generations about the possibilities that lay open to them. Her educational efforts were twofold: she wrote about education, and she wrote to educate. All of her works focused on women; some of them commented on schooling, but almost all included her critique of the informal education women received within the home and the community. Though written a century ago, Gilman's critique of womanhood and education remains potent as society continues to struggle with issues of gender and women continue to struggle for equality, independence, and autonomy.
Experimental School, Experimental Community
In 1907 Marietta Johnson launched a significant educational experiment. She founded the Marietta Johnson School of Organic Education in Fairhope, Alabama. This school was founded on the belief that all children should be motivated by natural free development rather than by competition, she did away with examinations and concentrated on the growth of the whole person.
Notable Women Educators of Mary Lyon�s Era
Both Emma Willard and Catharine Beecher made significant contributions to the development of education during the early 1800�s by establishing their own schools.
Maria Montessori - An Appreciation
Most people think of Dr. Montessori as the founder of the educational method which bears her name, but her real significance lies deeper. She will go down in history as one who discovered and revealed to the world qualities in childhood different from and higher than those usually attributed to children.
100 Most Important Women of the 20th Century
Contemporary primary education derives its form largely from the pioneering Italian educator Maria Montessori. It was Montessori who introduced to children�s classrooms such now commonplace accouterments as child-size tables and chairs, lively colors, and developmental learning games. And it was she who first trained teachers to approach early education as a cooperative endeavor in which the kindergarten-age child should be guided.
100 Most Important Women of the 20th Century
Margaret Sanger, a midwife and nurse, embarked on a lifelong crusade to educate women about birth control, a phrase she coined around 1914. The subject was forbidden, both by custom and law: Even sharing information about it through the mail was a criminal offense.
History Channel Exhibits: Womens History 2000
At the age of 15 Clara Barton began teaching in North Oxford, Massachusetts. In 1850 she went to teach at Bordentown, New Jersey, where state tradition required paid schooling and thus served few children. Barton offered to teach without salary if payment were waived. She later took pride in having established the first free school in New Jersey and having raised enrollment in Bordentown from 6 to 600. When town officials decided to appoint a male administrator over her, she resigned. Barton is best known for her role as nurse and founder of American Red Cross.
Elizabeth Duncan Koontz
Elizabeth Duncan Koontz was the first African American to serve in many national offices representing education. In 1968, she was elected president of the NEA, another first for her and for African-Americans.
Women in History - Mary McLeod Bethume biography
Born the daughter of a former slave, Mary Bethume founded the Daytona Normal and
Mother Marie Joseph Butler
Mother Marie Joseph Butler (1860-1940), Roman Catholic nun, founded the Marymount schools in Europe and the United States.
Hallie Quinn Brown
Hallie Quinn Brown (1850-1949), daughter of former slaves, taught in various schools in the south and in Dayton, Ohio. She later was a professor of elocution at Wilberforce University, Ohio.
Mary Lucinda Bonney
Mary Lucinda Bonney (1816-1900) taught in the eastern United States in the early 1800s. She co-founded and was principal of Chestnut Street Female Seminary in Philadelphia.
Mary Helen Berlanga
An attorney and senior member of the Texas State Board of Education, Berlanga has served as a volunteer reader in many schools and has raised funds for needy children. She created a scholarship in which she convinced busineses to donate $100 for each low income student in a Corpus Christie elementary school. Every child from this group that graduates and goes to college receives proceeds from this fund.
Elizabeth Cabot Cary Agassiz
Elizabeth Cabot Cary Agassiz (1822-1907) participated in innovative programs of higher education for women and served as the first president of Radcliffe College.
Gabriel Mistral
Gabriel Mistral (1889-1957) taught elementary and secondary school in Chile until her poetry made her famous. She won the 1945 Nobel Prize in Literature and taught Spanish literature at several U.S. colleges and universities.
Judith Zaffirini
Judith Zaffirini, the first Hispanic woman senator in Texas and a former teacher, has spent much of her career as an advocate for children. The Texas Classroom Teachers Association named her "Friend of Education" and an elementary school has been named for her in Corpus Christie, TX.
Antonia Novello
Antonia Novello was a clinical professor of pediatrics at Georgetown University Hospital and later became the first woman and first Hispanic U.S. Surgeon General (1990-1993) and focused on issues dealing with women and children.
Adrian Ocampo
Adrian Ocampo, a planetary geologist, has played an active role in the Society of Women Engineers Shadow Program which provides mentors for female students. She worked with student exchange programs between universities in Mexico and the United States and works for educational cooperation between developing and developed countries.
Hypatia of Alexandria
Hypatia of Alexandria, Egypt (370-415) was the Head of the Platonist school in Alexandria where she taught philosophy, mathematics and astronomy.
Maria Kraus-Boelte
Maria Kraus-Boelte (1836-1918) opened, with her husband, New York Seminary for Kindergarteners, one of the earliest and most authoritative and influential centers of kindergarten work in the United States. The school trained hundreds of Froebelian teachers and taught thousands of children.
Margaret Angela Haley
Margaret Angela Haley (1861-1939) was an educator and organizer of labor unions for Chicago public school teachers.
Zilpah Polly Grant
Zilpah Polly Grant (1794-1874) promoted advanced educational opportunities for women through teaching and administrating.
Saint Elizabeth Ann Seton
Saint Elizabeth Ann Seton (1774-1821) opened an elementary school in Baltimore in 1809 and is known as the "mother of the parochial school system in the United States".
Patty Smith Hill
Patty Hill Smith (1868-1949), with a progressive philosophy to kindergarten teaching, developed curriculum that emphasized the importance of a child's first-hand contact with nature for creative expression. She developed large "Patty Hill blocks" which are widely used in kindergartens.
Kate Douglas Wiggin
Kate Douglas Wiggin (1856-1923) headed the first free kindergarten on the West Coast in 1878 and helped establish the California Training School.
Sarah Brown Ingersoll Cooper
Sarah Brown Ingersoll Cooper (1835-1896) founded a kindergarten in San Francisco in 1879 and organized the Golden Gate Kindergarten Association. 300 kindergartens in the United States and abroad were based on her model.
Cornelia Maria Clapp
Cornelia Maria Clapp (1849-1934) taught zoology at Mt. Holyoke Female Seminary in the late 1800s.
Lydia Maria Child
Lydia Maria Child (1802-1880) started the first monthly magazine for children in the United States in 1826.
Colorado Women�s Hall of Fame - Mary Rippon
In 1878, in the first year of the newly founded University of Colorado in Boulder, a most important event took place. Mary Rippon arrived to teach English grammar, French and German languages and give instruction in mathematics. She was one of the first women to gain a place on the faculty of a university.
God's Word to Women-Teachers
This site expounds the virtues of many women who were considered teachers in the early church. These women did such things as starting monastaries, convents and translating the Bible. One such woman, Macrina, the Younger, sister to Peter, was credited with her brother's education which eventually led him to become bishop. She was considered a brilliant thinker and educator.
Changing Women, Changing History
Laure Gaudreault began her teaching career at age 16 in 1906. Due to health problems she quit for several years. After returning, she noticed that the working conditions for female elemenatary school teachers in rural areas had not evolved during her absence. She set to work and formed a union of female rural elementary teachers, to improve their teaching environment. She spent more than 20 years defending their rights.
Her Story II
Adelaide Hoodless was an educator in Ontario, Canada. After her infant son died from drinking contaminated milk, she devoted her life to teaching girls and women the science of child care and home management. She also helped found the National YWCA.
Potsdam Normal School, Home of Pioneer Women Educators
A website that tells of many early women educators and their accomplishments.
Barbara Bodichon
Bodichon was born in 1827 in England to a well-known Unitarian radical family. At age 21, her father began giving her �300 a year, which was quite unusual to do for a daughter at that time. She used her money to establish a progressive school in London. She also studied primary schools in London. Her school, the Portman Hall School was an experimental school that was undenominational, co-educational and for children of different backgrounds.
Harriet Tubman
Harriet Tubman has many accomplishments to her name. She was best known as a conductor in the Underground Railroad. She also opened a home for old and indigent blacks and raised money for poor schools. After the Civil War, she remained active for causes such as equality in education, women's suffrage, and care of the sick and elderly.
Early Literacy Advisor-Our Staff
Dr. Elena Bodrova is an internationally known expert in cognitive psychology and child development. She came to the U.S. in 1992 from Russia, where she worked in a number of laboratory schools. She also taught early childhood teachers in Russia and developed curriculum for preschool and kindergarten classrooms.
Early Literacy Advisor-Our Staff
Diane E. Paynter is an international trainer and researcher in the field of education. She is director of McRel's Early Literacy Project in which she leads a group of reserchers focusing on early literacy development in young children. She has been a classroom teacher and is the author of several books and publications.
Maud DeGan Graff, Music Missioner
Maud DeGan Graff began her visits to the communities of the North Country to enrich music experiences of students in the rural areas. She placed teachers of music in schools where music had never been taught before. The "off campus students" were first of all music teachers. After school they took on additional music projects of community interest. They started choirs, orchestras and community choruses. Mrs. Graff and her "music missioners" were welcome everywhere. In just two years the entire Adirondack region was supplied with music teachers under her direction.
Waverly Junior and Senior High School - Mary Muldoon
The Waverly School is known for its association with Mary Muldoon, a pioneering educator and administrator who served as the school's principal for 22 years. The school, typical of educational designs of the period with its use of Tudor Revival style, served as the productive center for much of Muldoon's work as she provided leadership for the community, teachers, and students. Muldoon encouraged the school system to take an active role in the community and her energy made the school one of Waverly's foremost civic institutions.
Frances Mary Buss
Frances Buss attended a free local school in Great Britian. She did very well with her studies and at the age of fourteen she was asked to help teach the other children. Inspired by her daughter's educational achievements, Mrs. Frances Eastwood Buss decided to open her own school and Frances was given the job of teaching the older children. Frances had a strong desire to improve the standard of her teaching and in 1849 she became an evening student at the recently established Queen's College. Inspired by her training, Buss decided to start her own school and in 1850 she established the North London Collegiate School for Girls. In an attempt to achieve and maintain high standards, Buss only employed qualified teachers. She also made use of visiting lecturers from Queen's College.
Canton School Teacher Stoned To Death - Etta Barstow
During 1870 in the town of Canton, Massachusetts Etta Barstow, in feeble health, engaged as a teacher in a public school, was deliberately stoned to death by four boys. The four boys had been unruly so she had been compelled to shut them up in the school building. After letting the boys out of the school building, they followed her and proceeded to throw sticks and stones. Miss Barstow recieved such injuries that she died in just a few hours.
Marva N. Collins
Marva Collins is a nationally known educator who concentrates on teaching as well as on creating and implementing progressive educational concepts. Collins established Westside Preparatory School in Chicago, a school which is an alternative educational institution for African American children on Chicago's west side in 1975. She created an environment conducive to learning and assembled a teaching staff with broad liberal arts training and a dedication to children and teaching.
St. Louis Walk of Fame - Susan Blow
The average poor child in 1860�s St. Louis completed three years of school before being forced to begin work at age 10. Susan Elizabeth Blow addressed that problem by offering education to children earlier. Applying Friedrich Froebel's theories, she opened the United States' first successful public kindergarten at St. Louis' Des Peres School in 1873.
Lenawee County Michgan 11th Monument
A woman of quiet and gentle persuasion, Laura Haviland was a pioneer social activist who devoted her life to others. In 1837 she cofounded with her husband, Charles, the Raisin Institute, one of the first schools in the country to admit black students, and she organized one of the first stations on the underground railroad in Michigan.
Prudence Crandall
In 1831Prudence Crandall established a private school for girls in Canterbury, Connecticut. She admitted a black girl into the school, thus arousing the violent opposition of her neighbors. She lost her white patrons, and in 1833 she decided to open a school exclusively for "young ladies and little misses of color."
Backward Glance - Sarah Eccleston
A 35-year-old widow with two children, Sarah Eccleston left Lewisburg in 1883 and spent the next 30 years helping to establish Argentina's first public education system. Sarah is known by many as Argentina�s Gramdmother of Kindergartens.
Education - Full Text: Spring/Summer �96 Women�s History - Ella Flagg Young
Ella Flagg Young graduated from the Chicago Normal School in 1862. Young, a native of Buffalo, New York--began her career in education as a schoolteacher in Chicago. At the age of twenty, she became the first principal of the practice school of the Chicago Normal School. Her many accomplishments include working with John Dewy at the University of Chicago. Young later returned to the Chicago Normal School as principal. Four years later, with her appointment as superintendent of the Chicago schools, Young became the first woman in the U.S. to head a metropolitan public school system. In 1910, she was elected the first woman president of the National Education Association.
WIC biography - Sandra Mc Brayer
Sandra McBrayer is the executive director of the Children's Initiative, an organization dedicated to strengthening children and families by working for integrated services that promote the values of collaboration, prevention and measurable outcomes in the fields of education, health, safety and economic security. Ms. McBrayer advocates and testifies locally, statewide and nationally on public policy issues that affect children, youth and families.
WIC biography - Jane Russell
Jane Russell is an advocate for disadvantaged children through her organization, WAIF. Working on behalf of the 300,000 American children living in foster care and institutions, WAIF operates a national advocacy, public and professional education programs. Russell strives to place all children in a loving home despite age, special needs, or race.
The Women of The Hall - Marian Wright Edelman
Marian Wright Edelman, civil rights activist and founder of the Children's Defense Fund, has dedicated her life to those who cannot always lift themselves up. With 14.3 million American children living in poverty, Edelman continues her advocacy, focusing on expanding Head Start, health care and support for homeless children.
The Women of The Hall - Joan Ganz Cooney
After studying the use of television for preschool education, Joan Ganz Cooney created Sesame Street. This program has benefited millions of children. Not only has it enhanced their learning in the fundamentals of reading, but it has helped them appreciate the world and all the different kinds of people in it.
Dr. Yvonne Caldera
Caldera is Assistant Professor of Human Development and Family Studies at Texas Tech University. She is known for her studies of infant behavior and development, minority children, father-child relationships, gender role development and parenting in Hispanic families.
Carrie Chapman Catt, Suffragist and Peace Advocate
Born in 1859, Carrie Chapman Catt was a teacher, superintendent of schools in Mason City, Iowa and a women's suffrage and peace advocate.
The Women of The Hall-Belva Lockwood
Lockwood began teaching at age 15. At age 40, she decided to enter law school after finally finding a school that would admit a woman. After graduating with honors, she was refused admission to practice before the Supreme Court. After lobbying for 5 years, she helped pass a bill which allowed women to practice before the Supreme Court, and she became the first to do so. She opened the doors for women in the legal profession and also ran for president in 1884.
The Women of the Hall-Annie Oakley
Annie Oakley was known mostly as being the nations finest marksman but, was also an outstanding woman who gave freely of her time, energy, and money to benefit women and children. She gave benefits to raise money for young women wanting an education.
Women of The Hall-Ann Bancroft
Ann Brancroft is a lifelong athlete and educator. She was the first woman to travel across the ice at the North Pole in 1986. She is a teacher who triumphed over her own struggle with dyslexia and has developed educational curricula for teachers from elementary school through college. She is also a volunteer for literacy efforts and the Special Olympics.
Amelia Stone Quinton
In the 1870's she began a grassroots movement to get public attention for the benefit of Native Americans. She became a great advocate for their land rights and their education. She founded the Women's National Indian Association which provided missionary work and education to Native Americans.
The Women of The Hall-Harriet Beecher-Stowe
Most noted for her book, Uncle Tom's Cabin, Harriet Beecher-Stowe also had a short career as a teacher. In fact, she began writing as a way of supplementing her husband's salary, as he was a teacher also.
Fundation President Sharon Schuster
Sharon Schuster is the president of the American Association of University Women (AAUW) Educational Foundation. The foundation is one of the largest sources of funding for graduate women students. Schuster is a former teacher of gifted and developmentally disabled children. She has a strong history of committment to improving the lives of girls through education.
Anthony Center: Centennial of Women's Education
In September of 1900, Susan B. anthony, along with a committee of Rochester citizens won their battle to gain admission for women into The University of Rochester.
National Women's Hall of Fame - The 2000 Inductees
Sophia Smith (1796-1870) was a generous benefactor of Smith College. She was determined to provide an opportuniy for undergraduate education for young women equal to that available to men.
Ida Metcalf
The second American woman to earn a Ph.D. in mathmatics was Ida Metcalf. She
Ellen Amanda Hayes
Ellen Hayes paved new roads for women in mathmatics. She became a teacher at
Christine Ladd Franklin
Christine Ladd Franklin earned many awards for her knowledge and skill in mathmatics.
Susan Jane Cunningham
Susan Cunningham studied astronomy and mathmatics, traditional male dominated
Beecher, Catharine Esther
Catharine Esther Beecher spent her life teaching and advocating education for girls. She
Agassiz, Elizabeth Cabot Cary
Elizabeth believed that women deserved a good, well-rounded education. She was
Abott, Edith
Edith Abott was a passionate advocate for many causes during her teaching career. So
Backer, Augusta Braxton
Augusta Braxton Baker began her career as a teacher. She continued her teaching as a
About Lucy Wheelock
Wheelock School in Boston began as a school to train Kindergarten teachers. It expanded
About M Carey Thomas
A role model for women who wanted an education she endured such descrimination as
About Katherine Pettit
Katherine Pettit took it upon herself to take educational opportunities to the people who
About Hallie Quinn Brown
The daughter of former slaves, Hallie valued education. She persued her own higher
About Elizabeth Blackwell
Elizabeth paved the way for women to attend medical school. She began as a school
About.com: http://142.3.223.54/~maguirec/chron.html
A history of woman in education in Canada from 1641 through 1995. Very informative
About.com: http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/pr/BucknelWorld/1997-9/glance.html
Sarah Eccleston became the �Grandmother of Kindergartens� for Argentina in the late
About.com: http://www.thehistorynet.com/WomensHistory/articles/19963-text.htm
A history lesson honoring women in the educational field. Educators discussed include
About.com: http://www.kentlaw.edu/ilhs/vaughn.html
Jacqueline Vaughn was a leader. She lead the Chicago Teacher�s Union but she also leadJacqueline Vaughn was a leader. She lead the Chicago Teacher�s Union but she also lead
About Sarah Ann Hackett StevensonAbout Sarah Ann Hackett StevensonAbout Sarah Ann Hackett StevensonAbout Sarah Ann Hackett StevensonAbout Sarah Ann Hackett Stevenson
http://womenshistory.about.com/homework/womenshistory/library/bio/blbio_stevenson_s
Elizabeth Peabody
Elizabeth Peabody (1804-1894) founded the first English speaking kindergarten in the United States in Boston, Massachusetts.
Bank Street School for Children
Educators Harriet Johnson and Caroline Pratt worked with researcher Lucy Sprague Mitchell at Bank Street School for Children in New York. This school developed in the late 1910s as a laboratory where researchers looked to discover new theories of child education.
Caroline Pratt
Caroline Pratt opened City and Country School, a progressive elementary which focused on open-ended materials, in 1914 in New York. The wooden blocks she designed are used in schools all over the country.
Rebeca Maria Barrera and Bibi Lobo
Rebeca Maria Barrera and Bibi Lobo have both published curriculum for Spanish speakers. Barrera is president, and Lobo is vice president of National Latino Children's Institute.
Alice Dunbar Nelson
Alice Dunbar Nelson (1875-1935), educator, novelist and poet, taught elementary, secondary and college levels until 1931.
Mighty Oaks: Five Black Educators
Edwina B. Kruse, Alice Dunbar-Nelson, and Pauline A. Young all taught at Howard High School in Wilmington, Delaware in the late1800s and early 1900s. At that time Howard was the only high school for black students in Delaware.
Mary McLeod Bethune
Mary McLeod Bethune (1875-1955) fought for equality for blacks with a doctrine of universal love. She founded a school in Daytona Beach, Florida.
WIC Biography - Gloria McMillian
A leader in literacy and founder of Project English, Gloria McMillian is an innovative teacher. She has developed curriculum for English as a second language and organizes telecommunications between astronauts and students in the classroom.
WIC Biography - Sandra McBrayer
Sandra McBrayer is a teacher and advocate for children. She teaches and practices multi-cultural studies. She began a first of its kind school for homeless children.
WIC Biography - Grace Mitchell
A leader in providing child care, Grace Mitchell opened over 40 day care centers in New England. She holds the philosophy that good child care should be loving and with a family-like atmosphere.
WIC Biography - Sr. Margaret Maccurtain, O.P.
Margaret Maccurtain was born and raised in Ireland where she was an educatior and an activist. She championed such causes as abolishing corporal punishment in schools and keeping students with special needs in their own communities. She brought her knowledge to the United States when she taught in Boston and Baltimore.
WIC Biography - Robin Rector Krupp
Robin Rector Krupp promotes literacy throughout the world. She is an author and illustrator of books for children. She also teaches these skills to adults as well as sparking the imagination and skills of children.o
WIC Biography - Alice Bourke Hayes, Ph.D.
Alice Hayes has dedicated her adult life to education. She has held many educational positions including Vice President of Academic Affairs and Chairperson of the Department of Natural Sciences at Loyola University in Chicago. She became the president of the University of San Diego in 1995.
WIC Biography - Hannah Fromm
Truly believing that education is a lifelong process, Hannah Fromm and her husband started the Fromm Institute. It is a school of higher learning for those over 50 years of age. Degrees are not distributed, students attend because of their desire to learn more.
WIC Biography - Betty Ford
Former First Lady and founder of the Betty Ford Clinic, she began her helping career with dance. At an early age, she taught children with handicaps the theraputic value of dance and movement, a theory still in practice today.
WIC Biography - Jane Goodall
Well known for her work with chimpanzees in the wild, jane Goodall set an example for what women scientists can do. Beyond that, she founded the Jane Goodall Institute where she teaches about the world around us.
Rhonda Weingarten
Rhonda "Randi" Weingarten is president of the United Federation of Teachers representing educators in the New York City public school system. She is also a lawyer and certified social studies and American history teacher.
Niara Sudarkasa
Niara Sudarkasa is president of Lincoln University in Pennsylvania. She is an authority on roles of African women, Yoruba trade, migration in West Africa and African and Afro-American family structure.
Ruth Simmons
Ruth Simmons is president of Smith College and is the first African American woman to head a top ranked college or university in the United States.
Judith Rodin
Judith Rodin is president of the University of Pennsylvania. She is a professor of psychology and professor of medicine and psychiatry and serves on President Clinton's Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology.
Alice Freeman Palmer
Alice Freeman Palmer (1855-1902) was one of the youngest college presidents in history when she became president of Wellesley College.
Nannie Helen Burroughs
Because she was denied a teaching position, Nannie Burroughs opened her school.
Gertrude Ammons
Gertrude Ammons established the first public schools for Negroes in Louisana in the 1920's.
Sarah Raymond Koch
Sarah Raymond Koch recounts experiences teaching in a one-room school house in rural New York in 1919-1920.
Margaret Haley
Margaret Haley (1861-1939) in 1901 became the first woman and first grade school teacher to speak from the floor at a general meeting of the National Education Association (NEA).
Dr. Joan Oby Dawson
Dr. Joan Oby Dawson is the director of New York University Equity Assistance Center which helps educators in school districts resolve issues of diversity in innovative ways.
Charlotte Hawkins Brown
Charlotte Hawkins Brown (1883-1961) taught rural black children in North Carolina and opened the Palmer Memorial Institute with curriculum emphasizing manual training and industrial education for rural living.
Emily Blackwell
Emily Blackwell (1826-1910), one of the first British-American physicians, ran a hospital and medical college and enjoyed teaching duties there.
Mary McChesney Berry
Mary McChesney Berry (1866-1942) gave mountain children religious training and general education in several mountain communities not yet reached by public education. She later founded Berry College in Georgia.
Susan Cobb Milton Atkinson
Susan Cobb Milton Atkinson (1860-1942); it was Susan's concern for the education of young women that led to the development of what is now Georgia College and State University.
Edith Abbott
Edith Abbott (1876-1957), the first woman dean of a graduate school in an American university, advocated for field work and training for social workers.
Edith Abbott
Edith Abbott (1876-1957), educator, social reformer and author, was Dean of the School of Social Service Administration at the University of Chicago. She was influential in the field of social work.
WIC Biography - June Scobee
Out of tragedy, June Scobee has dedicated her time and effort into creating Challenger Centers for Space Science Education where students improve reading, math and science skills while learning about space exploration.
WIC Biography - Catherine Filene Shouse
Catherine Filene Shouse paved new roads for many women. She was the first woman to receive a Masters Degree in Education from Harvard. She advocated for education for women and created the Wolf Trap Foundation to teach skills needed for a career in the arts.
WIC Biography - Sally L. Smith
Sally Smith is a leader in the education of those students with learning disabilities. She founded the Lab School in Washington D.C. in 1967 and formulated curriculum for elementary and junior high levels.
WIC - Biography - General Eva Burrows
Eva Burrows dedicated her life to service in the Salvation Army. Among her many accomplishments was her innovative educational services provided to African teachers in Zimbabwe.
WIC Biography - Lillian Kennedy Beam
A leader is cultural understanding and education, Lillian Kennedy Beam is a go getter. She is president of the Education Cultural complex and has been involved in such projects as the San Diego City School Integration Task Force.
WIC Biography - Shirley Nash Weber, Ph.D.
Shirley Nash Weber was a moving force while a member of the San Diego Unified School Board. During her tenure, new schools were built, parent involvement programs were initiated, drop out rates declined and numerous other positive changes occured.
WIC Biography - Sheila E. Widnall, Ph.D.
A woman of firsts. She was a teacher and leader at the male dominated MIT. Here she became the first woman to chair a department. She did not stop ther, she became the first woman to head a military service when she became the Secretary of the Air Force.
Newsday Direct / Women's History Month Program
The first Afircan-American to serve in the United States Congress, shirley Chisholm, began her career forging early education programs. She directed a day care center in New York and later advised the city on child care.
Mary Estella Courtright Davis Stimson
Mary Stimson opened a school with her sister. The school was for children aged primary to high school.
Katherine Courtright Simpson
Katherine Courtright Simpson opened a school with her sister. The school was for primary to high school aged children.
AFRO-AMERICAN ALMANAC - African American History Resource
"Black Mary" as she was called, escaped slavery and moved west. Mary was a big, gun totin' woman who went to Montana and physically protected a group of nuns who were building a school in the area. Mary was probably not educated herself, but it was her hard work over seven years that allowed the school to be built.
Mary McCleod Bethume
The founder of the Daytona Normal and Industrial Institute for Negro Girls began her life as Mary McCleod one of 17 children. She was raised with a strong religious and work ethic background. She valued her own education and was a leader in establishing educational opportunities for other African-American women.
Gabriela Mistral (1889-1957)
Gabriela Mistral (1889-1957) taught in secondary schools in Chile. She started educational programs for the poor in Mexico and introduced mobile libraries to rural areas. She later taught in colleges in the United States and won a Nobel Prize in Literature.
Emma Hart Willard
Emma Hart Willard (1787-1870) opened Troy Female Seminary in 1821, teaching science, mathematics and social studies to girls demonstrating females could learn and teach subjects commonly thought suited only for men.
Mary Muldoon
Mary Muldoon (1885-1958), a progressive principal in Waverly, New York, introduced industrial and domestic sciences to help meet the employment needs of her students.
Christa McAuliffe
Christa McAuliffe (1948-1986), American history and social studies teacher, was picked to be the first teacher to fly in space. As part of the Teacher in Space program, she was to communicate with students from space.
Mary Lyon
Mary Lyon (1797-1849), a teacher, founded Mt. Holyoke Female Seminary (now College) in Massachusetts. She wanted to include all economic groups, provide an advanced curriculum equivalent to that available to men at that time, and prepare women for more than homemaking and teaching.
Lucy Craft Laney
Lucy Craft Laney (1855-1933), born to slave parents, began Augusta's first school for black students.
Eliza Kellas
Eliza Kellas (1864-1943) was innovative and stressed science education for women in her roles as teacher, principal and dean in several Normal schools..
Frances Ellen Watkins Harper
Frances Ellen Watkins Harper (1825-1911), educator, poet, anti-slavery lecturer, became the first woman to teach at Union Seminary in Wilberforce, Ohio. Later she taught in Pennsylvania and lived in an Underground Railroad Station.
Marva N. Collins
Marva N. Collins (1936- ) has successfully taught children labeled "unteachable" in Chicago. A television movie was made about her achievements and the Westside Preparatory School she opened in 1975.
Mary Ann Shadd Cary
Mary Ann Shadd Cary (1823-1893), teacher, editor, lawyer and free black, opened a private school for blacks in Wilmington, Delaware.
Septima Poinsette Clark
Septima Poinsette Clark (1898-1987), after being barred from teaching in the Charleston Public Schools for her membership in the NAACP, she established schools for illiterate adults in the sea islands and later helped organize citizenship schools.
Mary Ann Shadd Cary
Mary Ann Shadd Cary (1823-1893), daughter of free blacks, established and taught in schools for blacks in the eastern United States and Canada.
Mary Steichen Calderon, M. D.
Mary Steichen Calderon (1904-1998), a physician, saw the importance of early and honest sex education and worked to ensure that children receive a sound foundation in sex education at home and school.
Maria Baldwin
Maria Baldwin (1856-1922) was the first female African-American principal in a Massachusetts school. She supervised 12 teachers, all white, who presided over a 98% white student body.
The story of Charlotte Hawkins Brown
After the schoolo where she taught closed, Charlotte Hawkins Brown opened the Palmer Memorial Institute. Charlotte Hawkins Brwon was committed to educating poor rural black children.
Charlotte Hawkins Brown
Charlotte Hawkins Brown was a pioneer for African American education. She dedicated her life to helping African Americans improve their status and quality of life.
Brown,Charlotte Hawkins
Charlotte Brown Hawkins founded the Alice Freeman Palmer Institute which was a preparatory school for African Americans.
Lucy Craft Laney
Lucy Craft Laney taught black children in whatever facility possible. She began a school in Augusta for blacks. She established the first Kindergarten in Augusta and the first in the South for blacks.
Coppin, Frances (Fanny) Jackson
Frances Coppin established a night school for newly freed slaves.
Mary McLeod Bethune
Mary Bethune established many schools, the most known is Bethune-Cokkman College in 1929.
Ida B. Wells-Barnett
Ida B. Wells-Barnett (1864-1931) taught in Mississippi and Tennessee. She became editor and co-owner of a local black newspaper in Tennessee and used her editorial column to crusade for equal rights for African-Americans.
Mary Church Terrell
Mary Church Terrell (1863-1954), high school teacher and principal, was appointed to the District of Columbia Board of Education becoming the first black woman in the United States to hold such a position.
Susette La Flesche
Susette La Flesche (1854-1903) taught on her Omaha Reservation at a government school and became involved in her people's struggle for justice through lecturing and writing.
Susette La Flesche
Susette La Flesche (1854-1903) taught on her Omaha reservation and campaigned tirelessly for Native American rights.
Helen Hosmer
Helen Hosmer (1898-1989) was a music educator and administrator of Crane School of Music in New York.
Leta Stetter Hollingworth
Leta Stetter Hollingworth (1886-1939) made significant contributions to educational psychology and wrote the most influential textbooks on giftedness, mental retardation and special education. She was the first advocate of multiple criteria in the identification of the gifted.
Charlotte L. Forten
Charlotte L. Forten (1837-1914) was the first black teacher of white students in Massachusetts. She fought for freedom, education and equality of African people in America.
The "Three Bs of Education": A Holistic Triangle of Ideas
Three educators in the early twentieth century were known for their holistic triangle of ideas and lessons to achieve racial equality-- CHARLOTTE HAWKINS BROWN: education, religion, deeds; MARY McLOUD BETHUNE: "the head, the heart, the hand"; NANNIE HELEN BURROUGHS: "the book, the Bible, the broom".
Fannie Jackson Coppin
Fannie Jackson Coppin (1835-1912) taught Greek, Latin and Mathematics at the Institution for Colored Youth in Philadelphia and later became principal. She educated numerous newly freed black people and worked to dispel the myth that blacks could not learn because of intellectual inferiority.
Selena Sloan Butler
Selena Sloan Butler (1872-1964) established the first black parent/teacher association and later founded similar associations at the state and national levels.
Nannie Helen Burroughs
Nannie Helen Burroughs (1883-1961) founded and was president of the National Trade and Professional School for Women and Girls in Washington, D. C. which provided industrial and classical education. The school required all students to take a course in the black history program. The school curriculum consisted of "the three B's": the Bible, the bath and the broom--clean life, clean body and clean house".
Emily Blackwell
Emily Blackwell (1826-1916) directed Women's Medical College providing rare advanced training for women physicians and medical services for women by women.
Daisy Bates
Daisy Bates (1914-1999) fought for the desegregation of Little Rock, Arkansas' Central High School and led nine black students to integrate the white school in 1957.
Jospehine Marshall Jewell Dodge
Josephine Dodge sponsored day care nurseries for working mothers. She established nurseries that were day care and education of immigrant children.
Maria Kraus-Boelte
MAria Kraus-Boelte taught Kindergarten and mother's classes in a private school. She opened the New York Seminary for Kindergarten which was the most authoritative and infliential center for Kindergarten work in America
Lucretia Crocker
Lucretia Crocker was active in promoting education for African-American children.
Sarah Raymond Koch- Young School Teacher
Sarah Koch taught children at the end of World War I.
Annie Mansfield Sullivan Macy, Helen Keller's Teacher
Annie Sullivan taught Helen Keller who was blind and deaf. She became an advocate for American Foundation for the Blind.
Catherine Esther Beecher
Catherine Beecher pioneered for more schools and teachers in the Midwest during the 1840's. She founded the Women's Educational Association in 1852.
Maria Montessori, Historical Perspective
Maria Montessori, an educator from Italy, taught children who would now be classified as mentally retarded. She developed activites that are child initiated.
Sister Dolores Anchondo, CSJ
Sister Dolores dedicated her life to ministry of education.
Helen Parkhurst
Helen Parkhurst developed a Laboratory plan. this plan had teachers and students working together toward an individualized goal.
Elizabeth Peabody
While teaching in an infant school, Elizabeth Peabody learned of Froebel's teachings. She opened many Kindergartens and began an educational movement.
ELizabeth Peabody
ELizabeth Peabody opened many schools including the United States' first formal Kindergarten. Peabody also wrote about Kindergarten education.
Barbara Bodichon
Barbara Bodichon opened an undenominational coeducational school that was later known as the Portman Hall School.
Maria Montessori
Maria Montessori educated those thought to be unteachable and her method stresses child initiated activities.
Marian Wright Edelman
Marian Edelman fought funding in 1964 for one of the country's largest Head Start programs.
Prudence Crandall
Prudence Crandall opened a school for young misses of color and met because of met opposition, the school was forced to close.
Blow,Susan Elizabeth
Because of interest in Froebel's Kindergarten methods, Susan Blow opened the first public Kindergarten in the United States. Blow established a training school for Kindergarten teachers.
WITI - Ceil Jensen
The creator of the Global Village Project (GVP), WebMaster School and ATLAS is Ceil Jensen. She has integrated technology into her students' lives and found new ways to teach students about their world.
May Richmire, Messena Educator
May Richmire taught second graders by day and their parents at night. She taught in Messena, New York at a time when many immigrants moved to the area for factory work. She was teacher and principal of Pine Grove School and a leader in educating adults in the English language and in American history and government.
1901 Margaret Haley
The first women and the first teacher to speak out at an NEA convention was Margaret Haley. She was an advocate for teachers rights and teacher organizations. She believed that teachers should have a say in policy and planning, not just the administrators or University professers who were all men.
Georgia Women of Achievement: 1994 Inductee Julia Anna Flisch
Julia Anna Flisch received an honorary degree from the University of Georgia twenty years after she was refused admission because she was a female. She did not take this rejection with a grain of salt, on the contrary, she spent the rest of her life advocating for women's rights, particulary in terms of education.
Julia Etta Crane, Pioneer Music Educator
Julia Etta Crane held a love for music and believed it should be part of the education process. In the late 1800's she founded the Crane School of Music and was instrumental in teaching music and writing instructional books for students from elementary school through college.
Women's Exhibition - Mary Shadd Cary
Born a free black woman in Deleware in 1823 she feared the possibility of slavery and as a result she fled to Canada. Here is where she saw many black families who had fled to maintain their freedom. She saw the need to create a school to educate these children.
Elizabeth Clovis Lange & The Oblate Sisters of Providence
Elizabeth Lange was a black women born in the French coloney of Saint Dominque. She moved to Cuba but because of the Haitian revolution her family fled to the United States settling in Baltimore. It is here that Elizabeth Lange, amidst much opposition, founded the first school for French speaking immigrants.
Milla Granson
Milla Granson was born into slavery and spent her life there. However, through all of her struggles she was a pioneer in education. She believed education was a road to freedom and she held "classes" with other slaves from midnight until 2am to teach the skills of reading and writing.
The Women of the Hall - Lydia Moss Bradley
Lydia Bradley was a rare business women in the late 1800's. She became a self made millionaire who used her money and connections to open Bradley Polytechnic Institute in memory of her deceased children. It was a school of higher learning that taught both males and females together and combined practical and classical education.
Georgia Women of Achievement: 1992 Inductee Martha McChesney Berry
Martha McChesney Berry received her education at upscale schools in New England. She taught in the mountain country of Georgia. She strived to teach those students who did not have schools and had difficulty getting to any one location due to distance and terrain. This motivated her to create a residential school where students lived, learned, worked and worshipped. A leader in functional curriculum and/or trade schools, teaching job training and life skills.
Charlotte Hawkins Brown
A leader in providing a quality education for all, Charlotte Hawkins Brown went against the odds and won. Charlotte Brown went north to get her own education but knew that she must share here knowledge with other African-Americans that did not have the same opportunities as herself. She began teaching in rural Narth Carolina, however, the school was later closed. Unwilling to leave the community she did her own fundraising and in 1902 opened the Palmer Memorial Institute.
Wendy Ewald
Making children's visions a reality is what Wendy Ewald has done throughout the world. Wendy Ewald teaches photography to children. She began with Nakapi and MicMac Native children in Canada from there she went to Kentucky. Raquira, Columbia and India followed. She returned to the United States and began Literacy through Photography programs in Texas and North Carolina.
ElizabethDuncanKoontz
Leadership is Elizabeth Duncan Koontz. Ms. Koontz taught school in North Carolina and was an activist for the rights of African-American students and teachers. She fought against segregated schools and was active in state teacher's organizations. She took leadership roles and became the first African-American president of the NEA.
Lenawee County Michigan 11th Monument
Laura Smith Haviland is the definition of the civil rights movement. She began the first underground railroad station in Michigan helping many slaves to their freedom. She, however, did not stop there. In 1837 she opened the Raison Institue which was one of the first schools in our country to admit black students. She also worked to establish state schools for dependent children in other Michigan counties.
Mary Lyon on the Web
Mary Lyon is the reason women are able to enjoy a higher education today. In the early 1800's the only schools available to young women were seminaries that taught domestic skills and nothing more. Mary Lyon sought to change this. In 1837 after much determination, Mary Lyon opened Mount Holyoke. This was an affordable school of higher education for women but without watered down curriculum - the first of it's kind.
Marian Wright Edelman
Marian Edelman was a civil rights activiist and founder of the Children's Defense Fund.
Mary McLeod Bethune
Mary McLeod Bethune began a school to educate Black women.
Gertrude Golden
Gertrude Golden taught Indian children and wri\ote 2 books about oheor teachingi experiences.
Julia Etta Crane
Julia Crane developed a curriculum fo music teacher education.
St. Louis Walk of Fame: Susan Blow
Susan Blow opened the first successful U.S. public Kindergarten and devoted her life to early education.
Backwoard Glance: Argentina'a Grandmother of Kindergarten
Sarch Ecccleston founded Argentina's Kindergartens and trained teachers to teach Kindergarten.
Maybanke Susannah Anderson
Maybanke Anderson was involved with the suffrage movement. She was concerned about education among the poor and established the first free Kindergarten in Sidney..
Prudence Crandall
Prudence Crandall taught at an all white girl school. She let a black child enroll and lost all of her white students. She opened a school for "ladies of color" and was arrested and charged under the Black Law of Connecticut. This law forbade schools for teaching nonresident balcks.
Milla Granson
Milla Granson risked her life to educate black slave children in Kentucky and Mississippi.
Emma Hart Williard
Emma Hart Williard was the first woman to publicly support higher education for women. She strongly supported the establishments of public schools.
Elizabeth Clovis Lange
Elizabeth Clovis Lange was the founder of the first Black Roman Catholic order to operate in the U.S.She opened the first school for French immigrants. She was involved in community outreach programs and organized the opening of schools in Baltimore, Philadelphia and New Orleans.
Sachiko Hashimoto
Sachiko Hashimoto was the first volunteer in the formation of the Japanese Red Cross. She took great steps to help children and youth of Japan to recover from the effects of the war and find direction. She started the internaational education through cross cultural student exchanges.
Africa Prize Laureates:Graca Simbine Machel
Mrs. Machel was honored t\with the 1992 Africa prize for her devotion to the children of Mozambique. She worked to achieve a goal of universal education for all people of Mozambique.
Conect
With Co-nect, schools harness the power of technology to create projects that integrate skills across disciplines. We combine ongoing professional development, online projects and tools, and a proven methodology into a comprehensive process that enriches learning, supports organizational change, and achieves the results that count.
Education Reform USA
This is a web site set up to help webring, it does provide links to educational reform. There is a link that reports on the progress of each state in the educational reform.
ISBE: Educational Innovation and Reform
This site provides learning techniques through reform and technology, which can improve learning.
The Realpolitik of Public Education Reform
This page gives a brief description of edcational reform. We find a number of links that can connect us to sites that would futher are study of educational reform. The site offers many descriptons on the current reform taking place and the steps the government is taking in educational reform.
Teacher/Pathfinder
Online educational community that offers professional development tips on involving parents, and general info on school reform.
Center for Technology Innovations in Education
Research and development center dedicated to educational reform using technology.
Education Reform- U.S. A.
This website is dedicated to parents searching for an alternative to state education. Features one of the largest home-schooling resource links on the Internet.
American Federation of Teachers
This site very informative with information regarding reform ideas for at risk students.
Research Related to Effective Education
Research Related to Effective Education
Challenges and Strategies in Using Technology to Promote Education Reform
This site is dedicated to the vision for technology-supported reform-oriented classrooms is one in which student groups work on long-term, multidisciplinary projects involving challenging content that is interesting and important to them with the support of technology tools for collecting, analyzing, displaying, and communicating information.
ABC Learn
This is comprehensive site that deals with some of the good and bad reforms happening in education today. This site is what citizens need to know about educational reform, school and early childhood education.
Educational Reform Bill Advances to Second Round
This site was made in 1998. This site was made to talk about a bill (LB1228) that advanves and would provide incentives for schools to meet certain standards.
Creating Educational Reform: Educators from New York to New Mexico meet in Berkeley
This is a site that deals with a meeting of educators at Berkeley. They dealt with empowering the teachers and why an urban schools network should be created.

Educational Renewal/Reform

BCER
The Business Coalition for Education Reform (BCER) is made up of 13 national business-led organizations and 600 state and local business-education coalitions that coordinate their efforts to increase the academic achievement of all students by promoting business involvement in education at the national, state and local levels. To do so, the partners leverage resources and expertise; build partnerships to help states and communities learn from each other's experiences; and provide technical assistance to a growing network of state and local coalitions.
14. Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory
The Education, Career, and Community program helps educators, business, and community leaders prepare youth and adults for a quality work life, active citizenship, and a lifetime of learning.
New Visions for Public Schools
This Web site exists to share information about improving education for children in New York City's public schools, as well as in schools around the country, even around the world. Although New Visions works locally, in the largest school system in America, we believe the dialogue about how to improve public education should be held broadly and include anyone with a desire to contribute. Your feedback is appreciated. Please send comments to the Webmaster.
ASCD
The Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development is a unique international, nonprofit, nonpartisan association of professional educators whose jobs cross all grade levels and subject areas. In their diversity, our members share a profound commitment to excellence in education. Founded in 1943, ASCD's mission is to forge covenants in teaching and learning for the success of all learners.
Teachers Without Borders
A teacher without Borders is a non-profit, non-denominational corporation devoted to global educational change at the high-school level for an information age. We create an appropriate match between worldwide research on learning with effective, personalized educational solutions at the local level.
New Horizons
Every day New Horizons for Learning connects people to one another and to resources, serving the worldwide Internet community by offering an expanded view of teaching, learning, and developing intelligence more fully. Our activities include publishing materials, producing conferences, consulting, and collaborating on projects and programs.
Public Agenda Online
The two-fold mission of Public Agenda is to:
AEL, Inc.
AEL is a nonprofit, regionally oriented education research, development, and service institution. Its mission is to link the knowledge from research with the wisdom from practice to improve teaching and learning. AEL works closely with schools, school districts, and states to develop, test, and refine practical products and processes that address needs expressed by local educators. Resources thus developed are then available to others working on similar problems.
NCREL
Throughout the country, teachers, parents, principals, community members, policymakers, and students are working toward a common goal: improving our nation's schools to make them safe and productive places where children can learn and grow. Since 1984, the North Central Regional Educational Laboratory has been a partner and resource in this important endeavor.
Educational System Reform
Within the Education and Human Resource Directorate, the Division of Educational System reform (ESR) serves as a focal point for the Directorate's systemic reform efforts by managing large-scale programs designed to strengthen the science, mathematics and technology education (SMETE) infrastructure of states, urban centers, and rural areas.
Of the Public's Attitudes Toward the Public Schools by Lowell C. Rose and Alec M. Gallup
This site was interesting because it was a poll of the public opinion on schools. The questions ranged from ideas and opinions on topics from reform issues to vouchers. There is a lot of interesting insight.
Contemporary Research in the United States, Germany, and Japan on Five Education Issues: Structure of the Education System, Standards in Education, the Role of School in Adolescents' Lives, Individual Differences Among Students, and Teachers' Lives
With a title like that you really don't need a description. A very interesting site with comparisons of the United States math teaching techniques with those of Germany and Japan. Excellent site.
Educational Research and Improvement Reports and Studies
A diverse look at education reform from charter schools to after school programs. A wonderful place for information.
Educational Reform From the Inside Out
This site says that the teacher is the key to educational reform in America, not money, books, and technology. Since teachers have such an impact on students, the teachers need to have an honest concern for the students and be a good model for them.
Realizing the Promise of Technology: The Need for Systemic Education Reform
This site states that we have had technology in our schools for some time, but we don�t know what to do with it yet. It is being used for the wrong reasons, it should be for the purpose of enhancing the education of our students, but in many cases it is not. This site also has a table illustrating the shifts in teachers, beliefs, and practices over the last several years.
Educational Disaster, Which Will We Choose?
This site points out the fact that our society is capable of achieving the educational goals we have set, but many are not willing. This site has many links about all aspects of educational reform.
Home Schooling: An Educational Reform
This site discusses home schooling as an alternative to reforming the schools. It talks about the things that are being done to improve the quality of education that a child can receive if home schooled.
Using Technology to Support Educational Reform
This site says that since technology has become so rampant in our society, then we should be using it in our classrooms to improve the education of our students.
Trends in Education Reform
This site discusses how the introduction of technology in the classroom has improved the efficiency of student comprehension.
An Educators� Guide to School Wide Reform
An Educators� Guide to School Wide Reform
Thinking About Educational Reform
This site addresses many of the specifics in educational reform. It discusses ways to improve the school systems, the classroom, how we can improve our understanding of learning, teaching and education, the frequent mistakes made in education and many more insightful information.
Co-nect Schools: comprehensive school reform for grades k-12 using project-based learning
This site discusses way of integrating technology and the internet into the curriculum to spark interest in the students learning.
News Bureau � Clinton�s Case for State Education Reform
This web site is put together by Columbia and deals with President Clinton�s ideas for educational reform on the national level
1) Mathematicians and Educational Reform
This is a national web site put together by the University of Illinois that is a national project to promote math and the programs and publications to promote these ideas.
Educational Reform Moving Forward
This site contains numerous articles written on various levels and topics concerning educational reform. The articles are very far reaching in the material that they cover.
Engines for Education � Thinking about Educational Reform
This is a very interesting site. The site discusses such topics as the monetary impact that educational reform will have on the average citizen
Reflecting on Sputnik: Linking the Past, Present, and the Future of Educational Reform
This web site discusses the impact in the United States educational system, specifically in science and mathematics, after the launch Sputnik by the Russians
Educational System Reform
This particular web site gives some interesting statistics on the work that schools are doing to improve the education of their students, among other interesting information
Engines for Education
A look at the problems with our current educational system and how we can go about fixing them
Milton and Rose D. Friedman Foundation � Educational Choice
This web site explains the Friedman Foundation and their education of lawmakers and parents concerning education
Teacher�s Professional Development in a climate of Educational Reform
This web site is a listing of articles written by teachers themselves concerning educational reform.
A Study of Charter Schools � First Year Report 1997
Information is given about the role of state government in the charter school system. The implementation of charter schools is also explained as well as the impact on the students themselves.
UCLA Charter School Study
This site displays the Teachers for Urban Schools and Communities 3-year project which is investigating the Santa Monica Unified School District�s reform efforts.
Urban School Reforms Don�t Improve Education
This site argues that implementing reform does not solve the problem. School Officials should be held accountable.
School Vouchers: The Wrong Choice for Public Education
This site presents negative ideas on the school voucher program.
LEAD Center
The site describes a learning center at the University of Wisconsin. It is dedicated to evaluation reform efforts.
Equity in the Reform of Math and Science Education
The site serves as a reference tool for those trying to implement equity in Math and Science.
Educational Reform Theory and Methods
This site provides various links, which deal with current reform theories and methods, which being used to reform schools.
Institute on Education Reform
The site is presented by the University of Kentucky�s education department and it provides links to current reform trends.
Restructuring Education: You Can't Get There from Here: The Need for a New Logic in ...
This is a very brief site that gives the explanation for why we need a new educational reform. This site lists the reasons for the new reform and the benefits it will bring to the classroom.
An Educators' Guide to Schoolwide Reform
http://www.aft.org/edissues/schlwrfm.htm
Trends in Education Reform
The site describes past reforms that have revolutionized learning and how reforms can improve.
Chapter 1Introduction to the Elements of School Reform
This is a very descriptive website that offers an outline on how to reseach educational reform. The site provides links the the information on reform.
INstitute for educational refrom: Charter Schools
This site contains updates on the current reform. We find many links to informational reform sites.We also find extensive reports on the current reform.
Videotapes for the 21st Century classroom
The web site promotes the sale of educational tapes which describe revolutionary and innovative ways to teach
School Reform News
This site carries reprints of hundreds of education articles reporting on school reform.
The PACERS Small Schools Cooperative
This is a unique association of 29 small public schools set in a rural environment throughout Alabama. Their education reform program theme is "Better schools building better communities."
CPR for the Family Homepage
This website explains why the people of West Virginia feel that education reform is destroying our nation. They state that they have pulled the mask off of education reform.
New Visions for Public Schools
This is New York's largest nonprofit reform organization. News is updated weekly and
Language and Education Reforms for Gujarat
This interesting site gives information on education and language reform in Gujarat, India. Some of the subjects addressed are; How to reform Gujarat education and the Ills of education and teacher rights.
Education Reforms and Students at Risk
This site explores the student at risk of failure in America's schools. The causes for student failure and strategies for reform are discussed
Urban School Improvement Program
This site studies projects developed to help reform urban schools
New Horizons for Learning
This group advocates programs for educational reform. The mission is to enhance the overall quality of life for children who are at-risk for, or who experience developmental disabilities and their families
Charter School Project
Organization works in affiliation with Core Knowledge to bring about educational reform and encourages national charter school growth.
Partnership for Excellence & Accountability in Teaching
Educational reform advocates join together to advocate stronger standards for teachers and research innovations in education reform.
The Teacher Universe
Resource center for educators and administrators , offers curriculum reform models and news about federal grants and assistance.
QuESt Whole-School Reform Model
The Quality Educational Systems - Tool for Transformation (QuESt) model for educational reform is described in this article.
State by State Summary of School Reform in the U.S.
A comprehensive state by state update on education reform legislation, progress, hang-ups, culprits, supporters and obstructionists.
Technology Policy, Research & Planning, Information & Resources
A document that guides people who are developing state education reform plans. Education reform under Goals 2000.
National Governors Association Center for Best Practices: Education Reform
The NGA focuses on extra learning opportunities, higher education, systematic reform, accountability, and technology. Also gives Issue Briefs and Statelines.
National Conference of State Legislature: The ABC's of Education Reform
This site carries profiles of successful reform programs, advice on setting statewide standards, and provides documents to give state legislators knowledge to make changes is education.
Charter Schools Development Center
Their goal is to provide technical assistance to charter school reform in California and nationally. They offer aspects of charter school planning, operations, and oversight.
Governors Education Reform Study Commission
Governor Barnes of Savannah, Georgia made a speech to the Education Reform Study Commission pleading for bold changes in school, making education the #1 priority. This site gives his commission members, committees including school climate, funding, and public hearings.
Studies of Education Reform
The office of Educational Research and Improvement funded 12 studies to examine various aspects of reform. Some of the ideas included are for Early Childhood Education and Systematic Reform.
The Catalog of School Reform Models
This is a huge web site that consists of all of the 64 reform models put into effect in by the government in 1997. It includes success analysis as well as how the modes are to be implanted.
OUR FAILURE TO FOLLOW THROUGH
This is a short but interesting article in regard to a model that began 26 years ago. The article describes the follow through model as well as some of its shortcomings.
The Laboratory for Student Success
This is a wonderful site we could all use. There is much information from "old school" practices that work to new and innovative techniques for teaching.
Does the Public School System Favor High-income Students?
This site raises issues after the Fraser Forum issued a report card on schools. At first there are a lot of tables and statistics but the further you look there are some good articles on poverty and how it affects the children's education and some ideas.
ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION
This site is packed with information from statistics to improving teaching quality. The format is nicely set up and easy to access "faq's".
International Comparison of Teacher Salaries And Conditions of Employment
A really great site that reflects on the salaries of teachers not only in the United States but in other countries. The information discusses how pay increases, as well as working conditions could help reform education.
Office of Reform and Dissemination
This site provides many links that can help to explain the reform going on in the United States. There are links that will connect you to a page that is the national reform program.
Curriculum & Instructional Leadership Branch
This page is from a California education department. This page offers many links that can connect us to many issues that deal with the educational reform. We can look at private, and public schools reform. This site also has a link for the goals 2000 program.
Trends in Education Reform
This page deals with the educational reform and computers in the classroom. This page offers three links that are frequently asked questions about the reform. The page outlines the major issues of reform, and provides a dictionary for clarification.
Learn
Not only does this page deal with the reform there are many other links that deal with violence in the schools and other numerous topics that are present in today�s school system.
Thomas B. Fordham Foundation
This web site is designed by a foundation that is dedicated to educational reforms. In this web site I found a link that described the current reform-taking place in Dayton, Ohio. There are also links to the education reform books that help to clarify the current reform movement.